Meditation changes temperatures: Mind controls body in extreme experiments

HARVARD GAZETTE ARCHIVES

By William J. Cromie 

Gazette Staff

In a monastery in northern India, thinly clad Tibetan monks sat quietly in a room where the temperature was a chilly 40 degrees Fahrenheit. Using a yoga technique known as g Tum-mo, they entered a state of deep meditation. Other monks soaked 3-by-6-foot sheets in cold water (49 degrees) and placed them over the meditators' shoulders. For untrained people, such frigid wrappings would produce uncontrolled shivering.

If body temperatures continue to drop under these conditions, death can result. But it was not long before steam began rising from the sheets. As a result of body heat produced by the monks during meditation, the sheets dried in about an hour.

Attendants removed the sheets, then covered the meditators with a second chilled, wet wrapping. Each monk was required to dry three sheets over a period of several hours.

Why would anyone do this? Herbert Benson, who has been studying g Tum-mo for 20 years, answers that "Buddhists feel the reality we live in is not the ultimate one. There's another reality we can tap into that's unaffected by our emotions, by our everyday world. Buddhists believe this state of mind can be achieved by doing good for others and by meditation. The heat they generate during the process is just a by-product of g Tum-mo meditation."

Benson is an associate professor of medicine at the Harvard Medical School and president of the Mind/Body Medical Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston. He firmly believes that studying advanced forms of meditation "can uncover capacities that will help us to better treat stress-related illnesses."

Benson developed the "relaxation response," which he describes as "a physiological state opposite to stress." It is characterized by decreases in metabolism, breathing rate, heart rate, and blood pressure. He and others have amassed evidence that it can help those suffering from illnesses caused or exacerbated by stress. Benson and colleagues use it to treat anxiety, mild and moderate depression, high blood pressure, heartbeat irregularities, excessive anger, insomnia, and even infertility. His team also uses this type of simple meditation to calm those who have been traumatized by the deaths of others, or by diagnoses of cancer or other painful, life-threatening illnesses.

"More than 60 percent of visits to physicians in the United States are due to stress-related problems, most of which are poorly treated by drugs, surgery, or other medical procedures," Benson maintains.

The Mind/Body Medical Institute is now training people to use the relaxation response to help people working at Ground Zero in New York City, where two airplanes toppled the World Trade Center Towers last Sept. 11. Facilities have been set up at nearby St. Paul's Chapel to aid people still working on clearing wreckage and bodies. Anyone else who feels stressed by those terrible events can also obtain help at the chapel. "We are training the trainers who work there," Benson says.

The relaxation response involves repeating a word, sound, phrase, or short prayer while disregarding intrusive thoughts. "If such an easy-to-master practice can bring about the remarkable changes we observe," Benson notes. "I want to investigate what advanced forms of meditation can do to help the mind control physical processes once thought to be uncontrollable."

Breathtaking results

Some Westerners practice g Tum-mo, but it often takes years to reach states like those achieved by Buddhist monks. In trying to find groups he could study, Benson met Westerners who claimed to have mastered such advanced techniques, but who were, in his words, "fraudulent."

Benson decided that he needed to locate a religious setting, where advanced mediation is traditionally practiced. His opportunity came in 1979 when the Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of Tibet, visited Harvard University. "His Holiness agreed to help me," recalls Benson. That visit was the beginning of a long friendship and several expeditions to northern India where many Tibetan monks live in exile.

During visits to remote monasteries in the 1980s, Benson and his team studied monks living in the Himalayan Mountains who could, by g Tum-mo meditation, raise the temperatures of their fingers and toes by as much as 17 degrees. It has yet to be determined how the monks are able to generate such heat.

The researchers also made measurements on practitioners of other forms of advanced meditation in Sikkim, India. They were astonished to find that these monks could lower their metabolism by 64 percent. "It was an astounding, breathtaking [no pun intended] result," Benson exclaims.

To put that decrease in perspective, metabolism, or oxygen consumption, drops only 10-15 percent in sleep and about 17 percent during simple meditation. Benson believes that such a capability could be useful for space travel. Travelers might use meditation to ease stress and oxygen consumption on long flights to other planets.

In 1985, the meditation team made a video of monks drying cold, wet sheets with body heat. They also documented monks spending a winter night on a rocky ledge 15,000 feet high in the Himalayas. The sleep-out took place in February on the night of the winter full moon when temperatures reached zero degrees F. Wearing only woolen or cotton shawls, the monks promptly fell asleep on the rocky ledge, They did not huddle together and the video shows no evidence of shivering. They slept until dawn then walked back to their monastery.

Overcoming obstacles

Working in isolated monasteries in the foothills of the Himalayas proved extremely difficult. Some religious leaders keep their meditative procedures a closely guarded secret. Medical measuring devices require electrical power and wall outlets are not always available. In addition, trying to meditate while strangers attempt to measure your rectal temperature is not something most monks are happy to do.

To avoid these problems, Instructor in Psychology Sara Lazar, a Benson colleague, used functional magnetic resonance imaging to scan the brains of meditators at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. The subjects were males, aged 22-45, who had practiced a form of advanced mediation called Kundalini daily for at least four years. In these experiments, the obstacles of cold and isolation were replaced by the difficulties of trying to meditate in a cramped, noisy machine. However, the results, published in the May 15, 2000, issue of the journal NeuroReport, turned out to be significant.

"Lazar found a marked decrease in blood flow to the entire brain," Benson explains. "At the same time, certain areas of the brain became more active, specifically those that control attention and autonomic functions like blood pressure and metabolism. In short, she showed the value of using this method to record changes in the brain's activity during meditation."

The biggest obstruction in further studies, whether in India or Boston, has always been money. Research proceeded slowly and intermittently until February 2001, when Benson's team received a $1.25 million grant from Loel Guinness, via the beer magnate's Kalpa Foundation, established to study extraordinary human capacities.

The funds enabled researchers to bring three monks experienced in g Tum-mo to a Guinness estate in Normandy, France, last July. The monks then practiced for 100 days to reach their full meditative capacity. An eye infection sidelined one of the monks, but the other two proved able to dry frigid, wet sheets while wearing sensors that recorded changes in heat production and metabolism.

Although the team obtained valuable data, Benson concludes that "the room was not cold enough to do the tests properly." His team will try again this coming winter with six monks. They will start practice in late summer and should be ready during the coldest part of winter.

Benson feels sure these attempts to understand advanced mediation will lead to better treatments for stress-related illnesses. "My hope," he says, "is that self-care will stand equal with medical drugs, surgery, and other therapies that are now used to alleviate mental and physical suffering. Along with nutrition and exercise, mind/body approaches can be part of self-care practices that could save millions of dollars annually in medical costs."

Interview with Coach Jim Roselando

Interview with Coach Jim Roselando on MIT Radio: 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pQaDv8i_Y4

"Qi is a form of energy. Gong means work. So Qigong is a form of energy cultivation. Through still exercise you can cultivate balance and smooth the energy through the whole body. The Dan Tien will be robust, the meridians will be flowing smoothly, which will gradually realign the body. You can stand and be still and cultivate the mind, the body, the breathing, just by relaxing." 

Daoist Wisdom for Healthy Living

Qi Magazine || Issue 60 || April 2002

By Adam Wallace

Qigong training not only encompasses breathing, movement, and meditation but should also include basic knowledge of Chinese medical theory and philosophy. ‘Dao De Jing’, written by Laozi over 2,400 years ago, is a source of wisdom, which when applied becomes high level Qigong skill.

 The following is merely a sampling together with some personal comments for clarification. 

“When a person is born he is soft and supple. 

When he dies he is stiff and hard. 

All things are soft and tender at birth and at death they are withered and dry”.  

When the body and mind are relaxed and soft the Qi flows properly which is essential to health. A stiff body is caused by straining while working or exercising and a stressful mental state. Gentle movement and remaining mentally flexible aids longevity. 

“In concentrating the Qi to achieve flexibility can you be like a baby?”

In the womb babies breathe from the Dantian, which stores Qi. Breathing with the lungs uses Qi. Dantian breathing saves much biophysical energy, which is then converted to True Qi, and serves as an internal massage for the vital organs. 

“Do not swerve from your innate nature and return to the state of infancy”. 

The newly born are pure of mind, without passions or ambitions, etc, and can let go of their emotions. They cry and quickly forget. As adults we internalise our problems, which affects our Qi and health. Meditation is the tool to enable us to return to the peaceful state of infancy and transcend our emotions. 

“A tall tree grows from a tiny sprout. 

A tower begins from the earth up. 

A journey starts with a single step”.

Everything grows from small to big. This is the way of nature. It is a mistake to rush the natural process. Businesses collapse because owners miss this principle and expand too quickly. Qigong practice is no exception - to rush or take short cuts can be disastrous. With regards to illness, listen to your body and catch any problem when it is still small and has not become too big to control. Better still, practise Qigong and prevent disease altogether. 

“If your hallis filled with gold and jade, it cannot be protected. 

If you are wealthy and honoured, pride follows, which can attract mistakes and misfortune. 

When the work is done retire; this is the Dao of heaven”. 

Many people are obsessed with collecting valuables. The more belongings you acquire, the more responsibilities and worries you have. In the end, you no longer possess the valuables, they possess you. Throughout life, we need to let go of our attachments so that we can truly be free. This includes our emotional baggage. 

“No disaster is greater than not knowing what is sufficient. 

No crime is greater than avarice. 

One who knows sufficiency will always have enough and avoid danger”. 

Desire is a disease. The more you accumulate the more you want. ‘What is a rich person? Someone who has everything he or she needs. If your needs are few and you have everything you could want, then you are richer than the person who has has financial wealth but is never satisfied. 

“The five colours cause blindness. 

The five tones cause deafness. 

The five flavours cause the inability to taste. 

Racing about on horseback and hunting cause madness”. 

Overexposure to visual stimulation i.e television, computers etc. expends Qi and damages eyesight. When the eyes are tired rest them or meditate. Constantly listening to loud music impairs the hearing. Those who move to the countryside from the city and find the quietude disturbing have already lost their balance with nature. Choose specific times in the day for silent contemplation. Perpetually eating rich or spicy food damages the palate’s ability to distinguish flavours. Those addicted to high-speed thrills and dangerous situations who only feel ‘alive’ when adrenaline is pumping have also lost balance. 

“Rare commodities cause mankind to do wrong, 

so the Sage concerns himself with his abdomen and not his eyes”.

Gold and rare jewels may seem substantial and worthwhile possessions but you cannot take them with you after you die so they are ultimately worthless. Dantian Qi, on the other hand, may appear intangible but it is more real and valuable as it cultivates your health and spirit, and bestows longevity. The eyes generally look outwards and we are tempted by what we see. Hence, it is beneficial to routinely shut the eyes and look inwards. Sometimes the blind perceive more than the sighted. 

“What is dearer, fame or health? 

What is more valuable, health or wealth?”

Everyone should ask themselves this question. You cannot enjoy your wealth or fame in sickness. Health is also the only factor over which you have complete control.

The Benefits of Group Qigong Practice

By Michael Tse (Founder of Qi Magazine)

If you have ever been to my seminars or classes, you would have noticed that we all gather together at the end in a large circle to do meditation together. People will often comment afterwards that the energy was very strong, stronger than when they meditate at home on their own.

Of course, when people gather and work together towards the same goal, there is a sense of harmony that will develop. There will also develop a strong sense of community. This is very important when studying because there are times when you will come to a plateau and it may seem you are not making progress. It is easy at these times to get discouraged and maybe even want to give up. However, if you have made friends with those in your class and also find that others have gone through the same problem, then it is easier to overcome it because of their support.

In relation to meditation, when we are doing together as a group, you have a different mind set. You do not really have the luxury of thinking about stopping your meditation to go do the dishes or call a friend. So your mind is more concentrated. Even if you feel uncomfortable, bored or agitated, you hang in there because to not do so would draw attention to yourself. It is easier just to stay and eventually, you may even find your boredom and agitation just slips away without you noticing. So practising in a group can help you push yourself a little harder and achieve more than you thought you could.

When you practise meditation one on one with someone, it is more personal because you are opening yourself to them both consciously and unconsciously. However, practising alone is good and also necessary. If you always rely on a group for lifting and developing your energy, then your level of development will be limited.

In regard to there being a special Qigong form for practising as a group, itis not necessary. Any form or set ofexercises can be done as group, either with a teacher leading or everyonepractising their own things in the sameroom. The feeling and results will bedifferent in each case, both for the teacherand the student.

Not everyone can be in a situationthat they have a teacher and class topractise. They have the harder roadbecause they arewalking that road alone.If you go to a movie, I think most people would prefer to go with a friend than on their own as it is good to be able to share the experience with someone. That does not mean that if you do go to a movie on your own that you cannot enjoy it. Maybe you will even find it better as you do not have to worry whether or not your friend likes it or what row you should sit in. You can please yourself.

When you practise on your own, you can go to the place you like best and do the forms you want, in the order you want and you can meditate for as long as ou wish. Unlike in a class which is more structured. If you can have both situations, that is good, but it is more structured. It is most important to develop to the best of your ability in whatever field you happened to have been planted.

Yours sincerely,

Michael Tse

The Key to Developing Internal Energy

Hun Yuan Qigong - the Key to Developing Internal Energy
Chief Instructor Brett Wagland

Source: http://www.taichiacademy.com.au/magazine/feature41.htm

 

Grandmaster Feng Zhi Qiang (1928- ) is one of China’s ten greatest martial arts masters.  He is the founder of the Hun Yuan Tai Chi system.  From his more than sixty years of experience in Chinese martial and health arts, he emphasises the need to develop internal energy and, to this end, he recommends the practice of the Hun Yuan Qigong set.

Qigong is the term Chinese use to describe practices that stimulate and strengthen the body’s energy system.  We all have qi.  It is our life force.  It can be balanced and powerful or out of balance, causing our bodies to weaken.  Qigong is the essence of Tai Chi and Chinese martial and health arts.  The first stage of Qigong or energy training is the nourishing of yuan qi or essential energy.  Due to life style, over exhaustion, worry, fear, stress, illness, etc., this energy supply is gradually weakened.  Qigong exercises help to purify, cultivate and eventually strengthen the body’s energy system.

The main qigong form that we teach is the Hun Yuan Qigong.  It has its roots in Taoism and was taught to Grandmaster Feng Zhi Qiang (1928- , founder of the Hun Yuan system) by his teacher Hu Yao Zhen.  Hu was a famous traditional Chinese medical practitioner, a qigong master and an expert in Xin Yi Chuan (Heart Mind Boxing).  Hu became known as the father of modern qigong in China.

When Grandmaster Feng met Hu Yao Zhen, he had been training in Shaolin and Tong Bei Chuan, two very hard style martial art systems.  Grandmaster Feng was able to smash a stack of bricks with his palm and lift a weight of 300 kilo.  He was a very strong man.  However, when he attempted to hit Hu Yao Zhen, his power was useless.  He was effortlessly propelled by what he described as an electric shock.  Hu was a gentle looking man.  So where did this power come from?

Hu warned Grandmaster Feng that he was damaging his body by practising only the hard style.  Hu prescribed qigong training for Grandmaster Feng when he began studying with Hu. 

The Hun Yuan Qigong practice gathers the qi from our surroundings and mixes it with the body’s qi.  It is best to practise in the morning or late at night when the air is fresh.  In the Hun Yuan Qigong, we make a conscious effort to connect with the environment.  If possible, practise in a garden or amongst the trees and sky.  We usually face the sun – not looking directly at the sun but through the trees.  We draw the warmth and energy of the sun into our bodies.  Try to practise for forty minutes.  If you do, you will feel peaceful and happy.  A strong flow of qi will gradually move through your body.  You will feel tingling and warmth in your hands.  Eventually, your abdomen will become warm.  This is a sign that the qi is building.  By this stage, you will not want to miss your training.  Continuous practice will lead to feelings of joy and clarity.

It is important to practise every day.  Do one movement for ten minutes if you are very busy.  Grandmaster Feng always says, “You must practise Hun Yuan Qigong daily.  If you have limited time, do the essential movements or a few of the set.”  Cultivating qi is no different from eating.  If you miss a day, you body will feel uncomfortable. 

In the Hun Yuan system of Qigong, we build the qi and refine it to one point at the body centre (Dan Tian).  Then, we watch it move through the body – from the Dan Tian to the Hui Yin point (the perineum), up the spine to the crown of the head, then down the front of the body to the Dan Tian.  This is referred to as the Small Heavenly Circuit (Micro Cosmic Orbit).  Accomplishing this is considered a great achievement in Qigong.  It means that the Conception Vessel (Ren Meridian) and Governing Vessel (Du Meridian) are fully open and connected.  One’s qi is able to flow according to one’s intention throughout the body.  Good health and well being will now prevail. 

People, whose internal power is developed, are very aware of their bodily functions.  They can feel much more than most people.  They can even adjust their heart rate and other bodily functions which are normally beyond our conscious control.  Grandmaster Feng was once challenged by a Qigong master to a fasting contest.  They sat in meditation for three days and nights without eating anything.  Only a little water was allowed.  On the morning of the fourth day, Grandmaster Feng was seen practising with an iron spear weighing over 19 kilograms, while his rival could hardly walk.  This feat indicates that Grandmaster Feng’s internal energy is very strong.

Grandmaster Feng attributes his health and his high level of martial skills to the practice of the Hun Yuan Qigong.  A student who is serious about good health cannot afford to neglect this simple yet effective set of exercises.  As you continue practising, the sensation of qi will be stronger and you will also feel the various acupuncture points in your body.  Practising this Qigong for thirty to forty minutes daily can dramatically improve your quality of life.  Try it for ten days and experience the difference for yourself!

Qi cultivation takes patience, persistence and the right effort.  If you do the practice daily with mindfulness, you will get results.  A calm mind, an optimistic attitude, contentment, confidence, and good health are some of the many rewards. 

Classics

The body is the temple of life. Energy is the force of life. Spirit is the governor of life. If one of them goes off balance, all three are damaged. When the spirit takes command, the body naturally follows it, and this arrangement benefits all Three Treasures.  Wen Tzu Classic (First Century BC)

Heaven is clear and calm, earth is stable and tranquil. Humans who reject these virtues perish, while those who adopt them thrive.   Huai Nan Tzu (First Century AD)

The Tao gave birth to the one source, The one gave birth to two things, Then to three things, Then to ten thousand...   Tao Teh Ching (Third Century BC)

The yang transforms and the yin conserves. The yang and the yin manifest as movement and rest; yang moves to its utmost, then rests; yin rests to its utmost, then moves. Therefore, yin rests within yang, and yang moves within yin; the two are inseparably interwoven. It is thus as a single unit that they are one with the Tao.   Chu Hsi (Eleventh Century AD)

The Progressive Nature of Understanding in Qigong

Qi Magazine - Issue 35 (1998)

By Yu-Cheng Huang

Adapted to English by Robert Poile and Laurie Manning

Qigong is the study of energy in the universe, a person's relationship with that energy, and the use of energy to benefit health and increase longevity. The final goal is to be in balance and harmony with oneself and the universe. This ancient Chinese study requires perseverance and patience of students choosing it as a field of study. Qigong study is a process of gradual deepening. Deepening both in understanding and in the utilization of the energy itself. It is this path, one of a continual deepening of understanding that this article will discuss.

A first requirement in Qigong study is patience. Most practitioners find that while acquiring patience in their practice of Qigong, they also attain patience and balance in the living of their lives. Patience in Qigong is multidimensional; it is patience to believe in the practice, trust the method, to practice, to accept that what is happening in the practice is appropriate, etc. I often use as an example of patience an onion slowly being peeled and revealing itself in an unhurried and yet systematic manner. The Qigong "process," being slow and gradual in its nature, just as the peeling of an onion, requires, much patience of a person. Students are constantly in a rush. The assumption is that the knowledge and feelings associated with Qigong can be acquired quickly if the book is read from start to finish; the method is practiced 10 times a day; if an exercise is to be done once, then doing it 50 times is better; if the teacher reveals the "secrets," instant knowledge and ability will ensue, etc. However, Qigong cannot be viewed as a pill which can be popped, an instant or quick elixir. Like life's unfolding itself, Qigong does not give up or reveal its essence quickly, rather just as we evolve, so Qigong evolves through study and practice over time. That evolution differs from student to student. Each experience is unique and the energy (Qi), as the highest level doctor, is able to discern what the student's specific balance needs are and assist in fulfilling those needs.

Periodically a student has a "special" experience, they may have an insight (e.g. past life regression); a special reaction (such as being able to see inside their body or another persons'), a special manifestation of the energy (the ability to do something the person has not been able to do before); the resolution of a physical problem (cure of an imbalance/illness, weight loss, stress reduction) etc. These experiences are often a "glimpse" that Qigong is giving of its power. Single instances do not however mean that some final goal has been reached, they are merely milestones along the Qigong path. Only through long-term practice can the student learn to diagnose their imbalances, produce or replicate the experiences they need, and define and tap into the specific energy they require to create and maintain balance on an ongoing basis.

This does not imply that immediate rewards are not available from Qigong. The immediate positive reactions to Qigong are many - relaxation, cures for simple ailments, sleeping improvement, weight loss, and the list goes on. Some students have profound results quickly such as the cure of a major problem. However, for all the evolution of Qigong, while it may travel at different rates for different individuals, it is a gradual process. This article is written to encourage students to not "give up" or leave their practices, but rather to have determination and faith, as well as acceptance that the process works and that what is happening to them at the time is what should be happening, whether that experience is (at least in their perception) minor or major. 

For the beginner sensations (energy) are often felt in/on the skin or outside of the body. Then as experience and practice continue the sensations move inward progressing from skin (exterior), to muscle, channels, bone, blood and bone marrow. It is interesting to me that I frequently have students comment as they progress to higher levels: "Sifu (teacher), I don't feel the energy as much anymore, am I losing my connection the energy?" The answer is a simple no. What is occurring is that the energy is moving inward to greater depths and as it does so the student feels understand this and begin to listen to their body more carefully they realize the new depth to which the energy and their understanding has moved.

Qigong is a form of meditation and involves a variety of exercises, some moving, some sedentary (i.e. no physical movement, however energetic movement is occurring). However, all Qigong exercises are designed to work in differing ways with the energy in the body. Some exercises are specifically designed to gather energy, some to move energy, some to tonify energy, etc. Qigong study can be compared to a banquet. Some come to the table and simply look and smell, others taste a little of this and that, some eat all the food quickly, some relax, savour the food and digest the food completely. Qigong is similar. The person who simply looks and smells gains benefits and understanding at one level. However, those who delve deeper, find the essences and heart of Qigong.

Why Meditation is Important to the Martial Arts

Why Meditation is Important to the Martial Arts

by Jáchym Jerie, January 24, 2011

Disciple of Dr. Yang, Jwing-Ming at the YMAA CA Retreat Center

Also featured in the Spring 2011 Issue of Qi-Journal: http://www.qi-journal.com/

To reach the full potential as a martial arts practitioner, you must begin by training your mind. One way to accomplish this task is through sitting meditation. Through meditation your awareness, calm, and focus will increase. These are all very important factors in martial arts. Without awareness, you will not be able to fight in a battle without getting hit or even killed. Without focus, you will not be able to catch the right opportunity to strike or defend, which could be disastrous. Without calmness, you will not be able to focus or relax. If you tense up out of fear, you will burn out quickly. You must learn how to manipulate your energy, which will be referred to as Qi (氣) of the body so it will not disperse unused. Also you can activate more energy when it is really necessary.

All these benefits can be gained through embryonic breathing, which is the type of meditation focused in this article.

Embryonic Breathing Theory

To understand the concept of embryonic breathing, you have to know the basic energy system of the body. The human body has two polarities, one resides in the brain, and the other is in the abdomen region. The latter is called the real lower Dantian (丹田), while the former is known as the upper Dantian. There is another Dantian positioned at the solar plexus area, but not covered in this article. The lower Dantian is the battery for the whole body. It resides in the abdomen region. The structure of the abdomen allows Qi to be stored to a high level and from there it can supply the whole body.

The upper Dantian is in the limbic system located between the ears. Some Qi Gong (氣功) practitioners believe that this is the residence of the spirit and your true self.

The lower and upper Dantian communicate through the spinal cord. The communication occurs here because the spinal cord is composed of material highly conductive to Qi. This enables the two brains to act as one. Physically, they are two, but in action, they are one.

Yin and Yang

The energy of the Dantians has two polarities; the lower Dantian is the Yang (陽) side, and the upper Dantian is the Yin (陰) side. The two polarities regulate the whole energy system of the body. The Yang side supplies the quantity, while the Yin side supplies the quality. The quality of the energy will improve as the practitioner learns how to focus better. However, it is not a task that can be finished since there are unlimited levels of focus. Only through practice can you attempt to achieve a level of focus where outside distractions will not register. To improve the quantity, you have to condition the lower Dantian. For further information please refer to the book Qigong, The Secret of Youth—Da Mo's Muscle/Tendon Changing and Marrow/Brain Washing Classics, by Dr. Yang, Jwing-Ming.

False Dantian

The whole abdominal area is called false Dantian and can store energy to some extent, but once it is full, the energy will be distributed and consumed. The energy that is stored there comes from fat conversion, which happens as we move our abdomen, in normal or reverse abdominal breathing, which will be discussed later in this article. About one and a half inches below the navel, there is a cavity which is called Qihai (氣海) or false Dantian. Through this cavity one can lead Qi into and out of the real lower Dantian.

Semi-sleeping State and the Mind

The Chinese believe that human beings have two kinds of minds. One is called Yi (意) and the other one is called Xin (心). Yi is steady like a horse and represents wisdom. Xin is like a monkey and represents the emotional mind. To calm down the emotional mind, you should focus on your breathing. The semi-sleeping state is very important for meditation. Once we get to the semi-sleeping state the subconscious mind starts to wake up. The control of the conscious mind gets thinner and thinner. Once you meditate for a while, you might experience the surfacing of emotions such as anger or sorrow. Those feelings are most likely trapped emotions from the past, and you should release them.

Despite this, the semi-sleeping state is a condition in which we can best concentrate. When we are in the conscious state, our mind registers a lot of things and gets distracted by the outside world. Once we reach the semi-sleeping state, those distractions from outside fade away. Of course it is not easy to keep the semi-sleeping state without falling into the sleeping state. Through regular practice you will be able to do so.

Normal Abdominal Breathing

As you inhale, the diaphragm drops down and the abdomen pushes out. The Huiyin (會 陰), located between the anus and the testicles (essentially the perineum), also pushes out. As you exhale, the abdomen withdraws and the diaphragm moves back up to push air out. The Huiyin also gently pulls in.

This breathing technique is mostly used for relaxation purposes and is a very natural and familiar way to breathe. Babies instinctively use abdominal breathing. However, most people develop the habit of breathing with their ribcage as they grow older.

Reverse Abdominal Breathing

Reverse abdominal breathing is the opposite of normal abdominal breathing. As you inhale, the Huiyin and abdomen draw in. As you exhale, the Huiyin and abdomen push out. This breathing method helps to lead and build Qi more efficiently and should be used during meditation. Reverse abdominal breathing occurs naturally quite often, such as when laughing or crying. Reverse abdominal breathing also helps to energize muscles to a higher level, so it also occurs without thought when power or strength is needed, for example, when pushing heavy objects.

Embryonic Breathing

Embryonic breathing is the foundation for many kinds of meditation and Qigong exercises. Please note, it is very important to establish a good foundation before you can move onto any advanced exercises. If you want to master embryonic breathing, you have to practice the normal and reverse abdominal breathing techniques.

Embryonic breathing itself is basically the reverse abdominal breathing exercise with the mind placed into the lower Dantian. A step by step approach is discussed below. When the mind is placed into the center, one stores the energy there, since the mind and Qi are connected.

How does Meditation Work?

To get a deep understanding of meditation requires time and a lot of practice. To achieve success, you need to be patient and have perseverance. If you would like to start meditating, think about an available time in your schedule. It is preferable to meditate at the same time each day. This will establish a routine, and will make it easier for you to settle your mind faster.

Meditation can be practiced in almost any position. Here, at the YMAA Retreat Center, we like to sit on a cushion with crossed legs. This is practical as we will do further exercises in this position. You may prefer to sit on a chair or even lay down. The first step of embryonic breathing is to calm down your emotional mind. You do this by focusing on your breathing and relaxing your body. In the beginning, you might get distracted and think about other issues instead of paying attention to your breathing. If you get distracted, simply bring your mind back to your breathing. It will take some time until you feel comfortable with focusing inward and pushing external thoughts away.

Benefits Gained Through Meditation

As you progress, you will naturally start to inhale into your abdomen and this will have a great effect on your health. The diaphragm drops down as you inhale which massages the organs that are below it, in particular the kidneys, liver and spleen. The kidneys produce hormones and through the massage, the production goes up. These hormones are a bio-catalyst which helps make chemical processes in the body run more smoothly. As we age, the hormone production goes down; therefore it is important to keep the hormone production at a proper level.

Through proper, relaxed, and smooth breathing, you take in a lot of oxygen. This will ensure that the practitioner has a faster metabolism. Only with air are we able to change food into energy, therefore, it is extremely important to build up the right breathing habits.

In addition, you will learn how to manipulate your energy. Using the correct technique of breathing, you can manifest more energy or store it in the center and in the bone marrow. That’s why you can store energy when there is abundance, and manifest it when it is really necessary. Through meditation, the mind calms down and becomes more focused. This is crucial since focus is needed for all the tasks we face in daily life. It helps to solve them efficiently and thoroughly. You will find a solution to a problem faster when you are focused and calm, rather than when you are distracted and agitated.

Often we read that our life will get easier through meditation. This is only partially true. Meditation is hard work and it requires a tremendous amount of discipline. It will bring you to the point where you face your true self, and this might not be an easy task.

I believe that one of the reasons why we have so many things that keep us occupied is because we don't want to listen to our inner selves. No one really likes to look into a mirror and see all the flaws you have. But this is the only way we can evolve. As you meditate, you might feel emotions coming up without any apparent reason. Those emotions are the ones which we hold back. The only way to deal with them is to let them out. Mediation can be a very powerful tool in your life for improving mental well being as well as physical health.

Jáchym Jerie is a disciple of Dr. Yang, Jwing-Ming at the YMAA CA Retreat Center, which is located in Humboldt County, CA. Jáchym grew up in Switzerland and has been training Kung Fu since he was 17.

For more information: www.YMAA.com

3 Essential Skills of Qigong: Relaxation/Qi/Meditation

Marcus Santer || Qigong practitioner and author 

Shaolin Chi Kung: 18 Exercises to help you live a longer, healthier and happier life. 

Give me three minutes and I'll explain why 98% of Qigong practitioners are wasting your time... Remember that Qigong is the art of deliberately controlling the vital energy or Chi / Qi. Vital energy is the "juice" that keeps him alive and enables you to do everything you do. 

* Qigong is similar to yoga, but less intense 

* It's like Tai Chi, but easier and faster to learn 

* Provides health benefits and requires zero athleticism

There are five main objectives that people who exercise Qigong / Qigong want to achieve: 

     1. Improve health and increase vitality 

     2. Longevity 

     3. Develop inner strength 

     4. Mind Expansion 

     5. Spiritual Cultivation 

But I'd say about 98% of Qigong practitioners today are wasting their time because they do not practice the three basic skills of Qigong. If you want to succeed you need to Qigong practice, practice, practice these three core competencies. 

So what are these three basic skills that almost nobody knows? 

1) Enter a QuietStateOfMind - think of it as a higher state of consciousness. It's about being relaxed and focused. Listen, if you can not relax, you can not do qigong. While many people start practicing qigong to be able to relax, and this is a very good reason by the way, relaxation is just the beginning of qigong. 

To enter a QSOM you have to be able to relax physically, emotionally, mentally and spiritually. 

2) Energy Flow - more poetically known as "flowing breeze, swaying willows" 

One of the most well guarded jealously guarded secrets of qigong... and that is a real shame, because the flow of qi is what makes qigong such a powerful tool for health and vitality. If the flow of energy is not part of the qigong practice, then you are losing at least 75% of the benefits. 

3) Standing meditation - which helps to consolidate the practice.

Seriously, if these three core competencies are not part of their daily practice of qigong everything you're doing is an exercise in low level and if that's what you want to do you can also do the washing, because at least you are getting something useful done at the same time. If you are practicing medical qigong, dynamic qigong, qigong for martial arts, qigong or super hardcore qigong, you need to be practicing the three basic skills of qigong to make the most of the time and effort you invest in your practice. If you're not, you're leaving most of the goodness on the table. 

Qigong is an art because it is cultivation that is important - not the number of exercises you know. It is the mastery of these three critical skills that allows you to get more benefits in just 15 minutes of daily practice than most practitioners of qigong get in an hour. 

Qi Sensations and Qigong (Qi Magazine 1994)

Qi Sensations and Qigong

Qi Magazine - Issue 16 (1994) 

by Glenn Gossling

The most important thing about practising Qigong is that it makes you healthy. On the way there are many experiences and feelings to be had. However, some people begin concentrating on the different feelings and this can lead you astray.

Many beginners are often concerned or confused about what to expect from Qigong. Initial experiences can vary quite considerably depending on each individual's condition. Some people are worried when they don't feel anything and some are surprised when they do. Whatever your experiences, the more you practise, the more your body will be conditioned into a 'natural' and healthy condition which will eventually 'normalise' the sensations that you feel.

If you have any doubts or concerns about anything you experience you should obviously discuss it with your teacher or senior students at your class. Being able to get more feedback and advice is one of the main reasons why you should always spend your time seeking out the best teachers rather than working from a book. A teacher can correct your postures and movements, guide you from potential pitfalls or side effects and set your mind at ease when you are worried, a book cannot. Your teacher should always be your first and best source of information, which is why it is important to study with high level teachers, especially when learning internal arts.

It is, however, possible to address some of the more common experiences. First, if you don't experience any Qi sensations - don't worry about it. Not feeling Qi sensations does not mean that you don't have any Qi. It just means that you need to develop sensitivity to your internal energies. Qi is present in every move that you make whether you feel it or not. It has to be or you wouldn't be able to move.

Many people initially experience Qi as a tingling 'pins and needles' sensation. This is mostly the effect of Qi dredging your channels. This sensation can be very powerful when you first start studying Qigong because you may have spent a long time creating these blockages. Not surprisingly, with regular practice this 'pins and needles' sensation can diminish and vanish. This is a good sign, because it means that your channels are becoming clear. The trouble is that people identify the effect of the Qi's action with the Qi itself and become disheartened because they no longer 'feel' it. This sensation should be regarded as the knocking sounds you get in your house plumbing if there are blockages. If you don't run the water there is no sound, and when you do there is. If you run the water enough the blockages clear and you get no more knocking. It is the same with Qigong.

You might have already experienced some heat sensations, feelings of warmth and gentle flow (like warm water) which are also Qi sensations. Eventually you may become so used to the warmth that you forget to notice, after all everyone has warm hands in the winter don't they? You might have attributed the gentle flowing feeling to blood. This is not incorrect but in Chinese terms blood and Qi are integrally linked and cannot be separated. Thus when you feel the flow of blood you are also experiencing Qi. 

As you continue your studies and you practise you will begin to notice these sensations not only strengthen in areas where they are familiar (such as the hands) but also spread to other areas all over the body. With the development of your sensitivity you may notice different sensations at different times of the day, different times of the month and different times of the year. You will feel acu-points opening. You will feel pulses. All of this enriches your practice and enhances your understanding of Qigong because it originates in the direct experience of reality.

Qigong and Physiology: The Science of Healing

The Science of Healing

Article by Roger Jahnke, OMD

http://www.healthy.net/Health/Article/Nervous_System/995/1

Much of what is described in traditional medical systems as the "balance" of forces, such as yin and yang in the Chinese system, can be associated with the dualistic components of the nervous system. In the central nervous system yin is rest and yang is action. Balance is the state between rest and action called dynamic equilibrium. This is the state that training in Tai ji and Qigong seeks to refine. In the autonomic nervous system yin may be associated with the parasympathetic and yang may be associated with the sympathetic. The balance of yin and yang is associated with homeostasis.

Because the western world view has generally had a difficult time understanding and accepting the concepts of Qi (chi), prana or vital force from the Asian systems, there has been a strong trend toward explaining the effects of yoga, qigong, acupuncture, etc through the mechanisms of the nervous system.(25,54,55) While these practices do have a definite effect upon neurological function, with consequent effects on body systems, the neurological mechanism may actually be an intermediary for a more refined and less quantifiable system of subtle energies. However, a great deal of research has been done that reveals the neurological mechanisms that may be activated in Qigong and Yoga and it is appropriate to explore them here.

There are a number of mechanisms associated with the brain, nervous system and other related systems that Qigong and Yoga/Pranayama practice enhance including:

1. Initiation of the "relaxation response" (RR), para-sympathetic aspect of the autonomic nervous system or resting aspect of the basic rest activity cycle (BRAC).
2. Shift of the neurotransmitter profile.
3. Dilation of blood capallaries initiating increased microcirculation in the periphery, brain and organs.
4. Supports the brain/neurological aspects of immune function.
5. Balance right/left brain hemisphere dominance.
6. Induction of alpha, and sometimes theta wave forms in EEG.
7. Affecting neuroreflex mechanisms through the stimulation of acupuncture response points.
8. Generating an affect on the function of the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, third ventricle complex within the brain.

1. Initiation of the relaxation response

When the predominance of autonomic nervous system activity is sympathetic the human system is working, expending energy and breaking down tissue. This is associated with the action phase of metabolism, and referred to as catabolic. This is associated, in its extreme, with the "fight or flight response" with increased heart rate, breath rate and blood pressure. It is also called the stress state and has been associated with adrenal exhaustion and collapse (56). 

This state, when overactive and not balanced to homeostasis by ample parasympathetic activity, contributes to the production of positively charged hydrogen ions. As mentioned in an earlier section on free radicals these hydrogen ions bind with oxygen. This can cause a net oxygen deficit and a general acidic pH in the internal environment. Biological stress is conducive to the proliferation of a number of diseases or syndromes including hypertension, pain, depression, immune deficiency and inflammation.(57)

The opposite aspect of autonomic activity, parasympathetic, is a phase of rest and tissue regeneration. It is associated with the conservative phase of metabolism, anabolic. In its extreme this state is associated with the "relaxation response" (RR)(57), characterized by decreased heart and breath rate and a lowering of blood pressure. This is also associated with the resting phase of the basic resting activity cycle (BRAC).(58) Conscious deactivation of the sympathetic function with the activation of certain parasympathetic features of autonomic activity can neutralize the negative effects of "fight or flight" overactivity. The primary steps to initiate this state are deep, slow breathing coupled with the intention to relax.(57) These are the identical initiating steps for the practice of Qigong and Yoga. The literature alludes liberally to traditional Asian health maintenance practices as the historic source of techniques for generating the relaxation response(RR) and the typical biofeedback response(3).

With the addition of gentle movement and stretching, extra oxygen is demanded from the blood, which may help to reduce the presence of hydrogen ions and initiate a swing toward a more anabolic level of activity. This may help to produce a less acidic internal environment and a net greater availability of free oxygen with increased energy productivity and tissue regeneration.

Controlled, deep, slow breathing accompanied with the intention to relax initiates the RR and the resting phase of the BRAC, which are para-sympathetic/anabolic/alkaline responses, generally recognized as healing and regenerative. Increased oxygen to hydrogen ion ratio is also recognized as conducive to healing and regeneration.

2. Neurotransmitter profile

Much of the new science of psychoneuroimmunology is founded upon findings in the area of neuro-hormones, neuropeptides or neuro-transmitters. It has already been mentioned that neurotransmitter receptor sites have been found on lymphocytes. A particular profile of neurotransmitters is present in a person who is experiencing pain, anxiety or depression. (59) In contrast joy, comfort or celebration produce unique neurotransmitter profiles as well. (60) 

In hypertension, pain and inflamation, which which have been associated with the hyperactivity of the sympathetic aspect of the autonomic nervous system, a number of specific neurotransmitters are present in the blood. In patients suffering from pain increased norepinephrine, reduced cholinesterase and depressed beta endorphine were found to be typical.(59)

When methods are employed that regulate the sympathetic function through the hypothalamus a neurotransmitter profile characterized by decreased norepinephrine, elevated cholinesterase and elevated beta endorphine emerge.(59) The neurotransmitter profile present in the parasympathetic and usually more anabolic (alkaline) environment is recognized as able to reduce pain and depression(59), reduce cravings for addictive substances(61) and promote healing. Chinese research has quantified neurotransmitter activity specific to Qigong exercise. It was found that the Qigong effect is associated with specific shifts in the monoamine neurotransmitter content of the blood.(62) 5HT and 5HE generally tend to be decreased by Qigong practice. Noradrenaline and dopamine tend to increase. The aspects of Qigong and Yoga that quiet the mind and relax the body induce a neurotransmitter profile that is conducive to healing.

3. Increased microcirculation

A classic body response in Qigong and Yoga is the elevation of skin temperature. In the fight or flight state, hyper-sympathetic, the arterioles in the skin, muscles and certain organs constrict. During the systematic deactivation of sympathetic function, typical in Qigong and Yoga/Pranayama, vasodilation occurs with the accompanying warmth of the surface of the skin. This is one of the primary goals in biofeedback training and was found as a typical response when the skin temperature of meditators was evaluated in research.(3) A number of studies from China explore the microcirculatory mechanism very thoroughly and conclude that this mechanism is a major reason for the continued successful application of such an ancient health maintenance method. (63,64,65,66,67,68)

In traditional chinese medicine it is said "the blood is the sister of the Qi". (28,29) Because Qi and blood are in a direct relationship the inhibition of the circulation of one tends to inhibit the circulation of the other. In addition, the theory suggests that when the blood is optimally circulating in a part of the body that the Qi or vitality is circulating there as well. If the Qi is a bio-electrical, electromagnetic or subtle energy aspect of the human being, the presence of increased blood circulation and its accompanying heat may also signify the presence of increased electromagnetic or other subtle energy potential. This may be a key to explain how Qigong practitioners and mental healers are able to support the healing process in a person from a distance through "Qi emission" or "external conductance of the Qi".

4. Brain/neurological aspects of immune function

In the classic tradition of Western science it has been thought that the immune system was an autonomus self regulating system, operating on its own. A tremendous amount of reseaearch has demonstrated that this view was incorrect. Mental emotional states have been found to effect resistance to disease and infection.(60) Immune organs including the thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow have been found to be invested with nerve endings.(60) Lymphocytes and macrophages have been shown to have receptors for neurochemicals, including catacholamines, prostagandins, serotonin and endorphin.(60) There is a definate relationship between brain and nervous system function and immune capability.

In the practice of Qigong and Yoga, as has been discussed, the hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system function toward a lessening of the sympathetic activity, which is associated with the stress response.(3,57) A number of studies have demonstrated that the hypothalamus has an influence over immune function.(60) Meditation, progressive relaxation, deep breathing and slow relaxed movement all tend to move the practitioner out of the sympathetic state and induce the relaxation response. Research on the effect of relaxation and visualization sheds some light on the effect that the Qigong and Yoga states may have on immune function. Groups of elders who recieved relaxation training had significant increases in the activity of "natural killer cells" while control groups did not. Chinese research has corroberated the positive effect of Qigong practice on the status of the immune system. (65,69,70,71,72)

5. Brain Hemisphere Dominance

Thousands of years ago the oriental practitioners of self-care disciplines intuitively developed an awareness of an alternating cycle of the predominance of body activity from the right side of the body to the left side. One particular Qi Gong practice, Tai ji, is founded on a constant, flowing of the limbs in circular motions, alternating from right to left. The side of the body that bears the weight is planted, stable, and associated with the Yin. The side that is free to move and kick is active and associated with the Yang. Constant alternation of right and left side activity are thought to balance the forces of yin and yang in the body. Focusing on the right and left sides alternatively activates, and reputedly balances, the right and left motor centers in the brain.

The channels or circuits that conduct the human resonating energy field, according to yogic medicine, are called nadis. Ida nadi and Pingala nadi associate with right and left brain activities.(72,73) In addition this association effects right and left nasal passage activity as well as the physiology of the right and left body. These channels alternate in their predominant activity over a 2-3 hour cycle causing the dominant nostril to be clear and the non-dominant nostril to swell and become congested.(73) This phenomena was not noted in the Western world until 1889 when the German physician R. Kayser recorded his observation of the "nasal cycle". (74) Much of the research on this phenomenon up through the 1980's was motivated by the quest to develop pharmaceuticals for nasal congestion. (72) 

It has been demonstrated that the nasal cycle is coupled with the alternating lateralization of cerebral hemispheric activity. (73) It was found with research subjects, that when a shift occurred in either nasal dominance or brain hemisphere dominance there was an associated shift, within moments, in the other as well. The right nasal cavity, associated with pingala nadi tends to be more open and the left more congested when the left hemisphere of the brain is more active. This is associated with the active phase of the BRAC and increased general sympathetic tone.(72) In contrast the right brain hemisphere is more active when the left nostril is open and dominant and the individual is in the resting phase of the BRAC or the para-sympathetic mode.

A number of different physiological states have been found to be associated with the dominance of one or the other nostril.

• deep sleep is initiated more quickly with left nostril dominance.
• appetite and digestive ability are enhanced during right nostril dominance.
• sexual intercourse is most satisfying when the man is dominant in the right nostril and the woman in the left.
• left nostril, right brain dominance is more conducive to recieving new ideas, while right nostril, left brain dominance is an advantage during discourse.
• it is possible to alter the pattern of "thought waves" by consciously alternating nasal dominance by exercising the congested nostril by forced nostril breathing.(75)

A specific Qi Gong and Yoga breath technique which has been practiced for centuries is the right and left singular nostril breathing. Dr. Shannahoff-Khalsa of the Salk Institute has done extensive research with this technique, originally prompted by his work with the Kundalini Yoga tradition. The studdies done by he and his associates has shown that forcing the breath through the constricted nostril can increase the EEG amplitude of the contralateral hemisphere of the brain.(76) It has been demonstrated that certain psychopathologies are brain hemisphere specific.(77,78) It may be possible, therefore, that the use of single nostril breathing may be applicable as therapy in cases where lateralized dysfunction has been found.

It was discovered that there is a direct correlation between nasal dominance, brain dominance and the lateralized biochemical activity in the peripheral body parts. Recent studies of the nasal cycle comparing plasma catecholamine levels in the venous circulation of the right and left arms found that levels of norepinephrine alternated with the rhythm of sympathetic dominance of the nostrils.(79) 

6. Induction of alpha/theta brain wave activity

The intention to relax and deepening of the breath are the classic initiating actions that trigger the relaxation response(RR). Research with practitioners of Yoga(3) and Qigong(4) has shown that during practice brain wave frequency tends toward the alpha range and in certain cases theta frequency brain activity is achieved. Alpha level brain function is a result of relaxation and is conducive to healing. The slowing of heart rate, reduction of blood pressure and elevation of skin temperature are common physiological features of the alpha state. Theta is a deeper trance like state that has been found in research with individuals with extraordinary capabilities to be associated with paranormal skills like sitting on beds of nails and immediate wound healing without bleeding.(3)

In Qigong and Yoga it is a goal to bring the lowest frequency of brain wave activity to the practice. In the quiescent Qigong, where there is no movement, deep states of consciousness with low frequency brain waves are more easily attained than in the dynamic (moving) Qigong. Similarly, in Yoga, there are methods involving movement and methods that primarily involve stillness. The pure meditation state lends more easily to the theta range of brain activity.

EEG studies from China have concentrated on the quiescent state, meditation with no movement (80,81,82). However, it is very likely that the dynamic or moving methods are most effective if the alpha or theta state can be simaltaneously achieved. In both Qigong and Yoga it is a primary focus to "allow the body and energy to sink and relax" and to "relax into the posture".

7. Neuroreflex Stimulation

Pressing points, holding reflex areas or thumping and stroking "energy pathways" are all aspects of health maintenance systems of ancient cultures. The ususal explanation for the mechanism of these effects involves what were originally called Head's zones named for Dr. Head who originally researched the relationship between sensory areas on the surface of the body to organ function.(83) In a similar and more current approach to a like idea, dermatomal zones are the segments on the surface of the body that are innervated by sensory neurons from specific segments of the spine which also have links to the autonomic ganglia. For example, the dorsal aspect of the foot is innervated from the 5th lumbar spinal nerves and the central area of both the dorsal and palmar aspect of the hand are innervated by the 7th cervical spinal nerves. The spinal nerves from the 2nd thoracic to the 1st lumbar innervate the dermatomes directly adjacent to their areas of the spine on the front, back and lateral aspects of the chest, abdomen and pelvis.(24)

A stimulus at the dermatome is carried to the the spinal segment where it has the oportunity to effect, through a reflex arc, neurons from the autonomic ganglia.(84) Surface stimulus may effect organ function through this neuroreflex mechanism. This mechanism has been cited as a rational for how acupuncture works. (54)

In Qigong especially, and to a certain extent in Yoga, there are numerous techniques for massaging, thumping and stroking the surface areas of the body. When twisting to loosen the spine and warm up to do Qi Gong the practitioner hits the hands against the lumbar space in the back and the lower ribs in the front. This is done to stimulate the function of the kidneys, liver and spleen. It is likely that one mechanism through which this may occur is the neuroreflex mechanism.

Certain methods of Qigong practice focus totally on techniques of self applied massage or stimulation of channels and reflexes. One method called Mei Yin Jian Shen Gong is comprised primarily of self massage gestures. In another method the hands stroke near the acupuncture channels: up the inside of the legs, out the inside of the arms, along the outside of the arms and on to the head and finally down the lateral side of the torso and legs to the lateral aspect of the feet. In the western model this would be referred to as reflex stimulation. However, in the oriental energy model this method is referred to as a form of "Qi" circulation.

8. Interface of Neuro-endocrine Structures of the Brain

In both Qi Gong and Pranayama a primary goal is to circulate the "energy" to the crown of the head. In Qigong this is referred to as the "point of one hundred gatherings" (Bai hui, GV or Du 20). In Yoga/Pranayama this point is the target of the kundalini energy and is known as the Crown Chakra or "thousand petaled lotus". This area has had recognition in the christian tradition through the halos of angels. In the Jewish tradition this same area is where the men wear the yalmuka.

Science has corroberated the significance of this region with its identification and investigation of several anatomical structures thought to be the primary hierarchy of neurological and endocrine function. These include the pituitary gland, pineal gland, hypothalamus and third ventricle of the cerebrospinal fluid system. In the ancient traditions it is suggested that these structures function as antenae-like conductors for the electrical, magnetic and subtle energy bio-fields. It may be premature to agree with this theory but it is very clear from the current literature that the hypothalamus and the pituitary are structures that participate in the subtle endocrine modulation of many physiological and emotional processes.(3,60)

Earlier we explored the research that links cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the lymph and immunity. The CSF has the richest mixture of neurochemicals in the whole body. It interacts directly with the hypothalamus whose lateral walls and floor comprise the third ventricle, an important resevior for CSF. Research has found over 60 neuropeptides or neurotransmitters. Candace Pert and her team at the National Institutes of Mental Health demonstrated that there are 40 times more neurotransmitter receptor cites in the hypothalamus than in any other location of the brain or nervous system. (85, 86)

Neurotransmitter activity has been found to be in a direct relationship with pain and depression (59) and to have a specific relationship to immune function (51,87). Focusing one's attention on a physiological outcome has been shown to have a potential effect on physiological function.(88) Therefore, it is a strong possibility that the intention to circulate the Qi or Prana to the "crown" has the potential to effect the levels of neurotransmitter and endocrine activity, not only in this section of the brain, but throughout the entire body. In work with voluntary control of biological function it has been found that deminishing or quelling sympathetic function is accomplished by regulating the activity of the hypothalamus.(3) When practitioners of Qigong circulate the Qi in the Ren and Du vessels, "circulate the light in the microcosmic orbit"(89), or when Yoga/Pranayama practitioners bring Prana up along the spinal in the Kundalini channel, the focus of the method is to achieve peace, or in more scientific terms, reduce sympathetic activity and slow brain wave frequency toward the theta range. The anatomical structure which is the target is the the anatomical hypothalamus, which is the sympathetic control center.

©1996 Roger Jahnke, O.M.D.

Link to biography: http://www.healthy.net/scr/bio.aspx?Id=123